chromatography, inozivikanwawo se "chromatographic analysis", "chromatography", inzira yekuparadzanisa uye yekuongorora, ine huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa muanalytical chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry uye mamwe minda.
Muvambi wechromatography inyanzvi yebotanist yekuRussia M.Tsvetter.Muna 1906, nyanzvi yezvemiti yokuRussia Zvetter akabudisa zvakabuda mukuedza kwake: Kuti aparadzanise mavara echirimwa, akadira petroleum ether ine mavara emiti muchubhu yegirazi ine calcium carbonate powder ndokuibudisa nepetroleum ether kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi.Nekuti ma pigment akasiyana ane adsorption akasiyana pamusoro pe calcium carbonate particles, nemaitiro ekuleaching, mavara akasiyana anofamba achidzika nekumhanya kwakasiyana, nokudaro achigadzira mabhandi emavara akasiyana.Izvo zvikamu zve pigment zvakaparadzaniswa.Akatumidza nzira iyi yekuparadzanisa chromatography.
Schematic representation yechirimwa shizha pigment separation kuyedza
Nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza nzira dzekuparadzanisa, zvinhu zvakawanda uye zvisina ruvara zvinova chinhu chekuparadzanisa, chromatography zvakare yakarasika zvishoma nezvishoma zvinoreva "ruvara", asi zita richiri kushandiswa nhasi.
Chromatographic classification
Izvo zvakakosha zvechromatography maitiro ekuti mamorekuru achapatsanurwa akapatsanurwa uye akaenzana pakati pechikamu chakamira uye nharembozha.Zvinhu zvakasiyana zvakakamurwa zvakasiyana pakati pezvikamu zviviri izvi, izvo zvinoita kuti vafambe nekumhanya kwakasiyana nechikamu chenhare.Nekufamba kweiyo mobile phase, zvikamu zvakasiyana mumusanganiswa zvinopatsanurwa kubva kune imwe neimwe pane yakamira chikamu.Zvichienderana nemaitiro, inogona kugoverwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana.
1, maererano nezvikamu zviviri-chikamu chechimiro chemuviri
Nharembozha chikamu: Gasi chromatography, liquid chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography
Kumira chikamu: gasi-yakasimba, gasi-mvura;Liquid-solid, liquid-liquid
2, zvinoenderana nechimiro chekumira kwechikamu chechikamu
Column chromatography: packed column chromatography, capillary column chromatography, micropacked column chromatography, preparative chromatography
Plane chromatography: bepa chromatography, nhete chromatography, polymer membrane chromatography
3, yakarongedzerwa maererano nekuparadzanisa michina
Adsorption chromatography: Zvikamu zvakasiyana zvakapatsanurwa zvinoenderana neadzo adsorption uye desorption masimba pane adsorbents.
Partition chromatography: Izvo zvikamu zvakasiyana zvakapatsanurwa zvinoenderana nekunyungudika kwavo mune solvent
Molecular exclusion chromatography: maererano nehukuru hwema molecular saizi yekuparadzaniswa ln ion exchange chromatography: zvikamu zvakasiyana zvehukama hwekuparadzaniswa kweion-exchange resin.
Affinity chromatography: Kupatsanurana uchishandisa kuvepo kwehumwe hukama pakati pebiological macromolecules.
Capillary electrophoresis: zvikamu zvakaparadzaniswa maererano nekusiyana kwekufamba uye / kana kuparadzanisa maitiro.
Chiral chromatography inoshandiswa pakuparadzanisa uye kuongororwa kwemishonga yemishonga, iyo inogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zvitatu: chiral derivatization reagent nzira;Chiral mobile phase additive method;Chiral stationary phase resolution nzira
Basic terminology yechromatography
Macurves anowanikwa nekuronga masaini ekupindura ezvikamu mushure mekuonekwa kwekuparadzaniswa kwechromatographic nekufamba kwenguva anonzi chromatograms.
Baseline:Pasi pemamwe mamiriro echromatographic, iyo curve yechiratidzo inogadzirwa kana chete nharembozha ichipfuura nepakati peiyo detector system inonzi yekutanga, sezvakaratidzwa mumutsara weot.Apo mamiriro ekuedza akanga akagadzikana, nheyo yekutanga yaiva mutsara wakafanana nehorizontal axis.Iyo yekutanga inoratidza ruzha rwechiridzwa, kunyanya detector, nekufamba kwenguva.
Peak urefu:chinhambwe chakatwasuka pakati peiyo chromatographic peak point uye yekutanga, inotaridzwa nah, sezvakaratidzwa mumutsara weAB.
Kufara kwedunhu:Iyo dunhu upamhi hweiyo chromatographic peak inoenderana zvakananga nekuparadzanisa kugona.Pane nzira nhatu dzekutsanangura chromatographic peak wide: standard deviation σ, peak wide W, uye FWHM W1/2.
Kutsauswa kwakajairika (σ) :σ ndiyo hafu yenhambwe pakati pemapoinzi maviri ekutenderera pane yakajairwa kugovera curve, uye kukosha kwe σ kunoratidza dhigirii rekupararira kwezvikamu kure nekoromo.Iyo yakakura kukosha kwe σ, iyo inonyanya kuparadzira zvikamu zvemvura, uye zvakanyanya kuipa kwekuparadzanisa.Sezvineiwo, iyo effluent zvikamu zvakamisikidzwa uye kupatsanurwa kwekuita kwakanaka.
Peak width W:Nzvimbo dzemharadzano pamativi ese echromatographic peak dzinoshandiswa semitsetse ine tangent, uye inodimburira pane yekutanga inonzi peak width, kana baseline wide, iyo inogona zvakare kuratidzwa seW, sezvakaratidzwa muFigure IJ.Zvinoenderana nemusimboti wekugovera kwakajairika, hukama pakati pehupamhi hwepamusoro uye kutsauka kwakajairwa kunogona kuratidzwa kuve W=4σ.
W1/2:Hurefu hwepamusoro pahafu yehurefu hwepamusoro hunonzi FWHM, sekuratidzwa kwechinhambwe cheGH.W1/2=2.355σ, W=1.699W1/2.
W1/2, W ese akatorwa kubva ku σ uye anoshandiswa kuverenga nzvimbo dzepamusoro mukuwedzera pakuyera mhedzisiro yekoramu.FWHM kuyerwa kuri nyore uye kunonyanya kushandiswa.
pfupiso pfupi
Kubva pane chromatographic peak outflow curve, zvinotevera zvinangwa zvinogona kuzadzikiswa:
a, Qualitative wongororo yakaitwa yakavakirwa pakuchengetedza kukosha kwechromatographic peaks
b, ongororo yehuwandu hunoenderana nenzvimbo kana peak yechromatographic peak
C. Kukwanisa kwekupatsanura kwekoramu kwakaongororwa maererano nehukoshi hwekuchengeta uye hupamhi hwepamusoro hwechromatographic peak
Iyo yekuverenga formula inobatanidzwa muchromatography
1. Kuchengeta kukosha
Ukoshi hwekuchengeta iparameter inoshandiswa kutsanangura mwero wekuti chikamu chemuenzaniso chinochengetwa mukoramu uye chinoshandiswa sechiratidzo che chromatographic characterization.Iyo nzira yekumiririra ndeiyi inotevera:
Kuchengeta nguva tR
Nguva yekufatM
Gadzirisa nguva yekuchengeta tR'=tR-tM
(Nguva yose inopedzwa muchikamu chakamira)
Kuwanda kwekuchengeta
VR=tR*F.(yakazvimiririra ye mobile phase velocity)
Vhoriyamu yakafa
VM=tM*Fc
(Iyo nzvimbo isina kugarwa nechikamu chakamira munzira yekuyerera kubva kune jekiseni kuenda kune detector)
Gadzirisa vhoriyamu yekuchengeta VR'=t'R*Fc
2. Kukosha kwekuchengeta
Hukoshi hwekuchengeta, hunonziwo separation factor, partition coefficient reshiyo kana chiyero chehuwandu hwehuwandu, chiyero chenguva yakagadziriswa yekuchengeta (vhoriyamu) yechikamu chakaedzwa kune yakagadziridzwa kuchengetedza nguva (vhoriyamu) yechiyero pasi pemamwe mamiriro echromatographic.
Hukama hwekuchengetedza hutsika hwakashandiswa kubvisa pesvedzero yemamwe mamiriro ekushanda, akadai seyekuyerera uye kurasikirwa kwekugadzirisa, pamitengo yekuchengetedza.Muyero muhukoshi hwekuchengetedza hunogona kuve chikamu mune yakaedzwa sampu kana komboni yakawedzerwa zvisirizvo.
3. Indekisi yekuchengeta
Indekisi yekuchengetedza ndiyo indekisi yekuchengetedza yezvinhu i kuti iongororwe mune yakagadziriswa mhinduro X. N-alane mbiri dzinosarudzwa sezvinhu zvinorehwa, imwe ine N kabhoni nhamba uye imwe ine N + n.Nguva yavo yekuchengetedza yakagadziridzwa ndeye t 'r (N) uye t'r (N+n), zvichiteerana, kuitira kuti yakagadziridzwa nguva yekuchengetedza t'r (i) yechinhu i kuti chiedzwe chiri pakati pavo chaipo, kureva, r (N).
Indekisi yekuchengetedza inogona kuverengwa sezvinotevera.
4. Capacity factor (k)
Pakuenzana, chiyero chehuremu hwechikamu muchikamu chekumira (s) kune chinotakurika chikamu (m), chinodaidzwa kuti capacity factor.Iyo formula ndeyotevera:
5, Chikamu chechikamu (K) Mukuenzana, reshiyo yekumisikidzwa kwechikamu muchikamu chakamira (s) kuchikamu chinotakurika (m), chinodaidzwa kunzi partition coefficient.Iyo formula ndeyotevera
Hukama pakati peK naK:
Inoratidza rudzi rwekoramu uye mapfundo ayo akakosha zvimiro zvechimiro
pfupiso pfupi
Hukama pakati pekuchengeta kukosha uye kugona chinhu uye partition coefficient:
Kupatsanurwa kweChromatographic kunobva pamusiyano wekushambadza kana kunyunguduka kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe mumuenzaniso wakamisikidzwa, unogona kuratidzwa nehukuru hwechikamu chechikamu K (kana simba factor k) kukosha.
Izvo zvikamu zvine adsorption yakasimba kana kugona kunyungudika zvine hombe yekuparadzanisa coefficient (kana kugona chinhu) uye nguva yekuchengeta kwenguva refu.Sezvineiwo, zvikamu zvine adsorption isina kusimba kana solubility ine diki yekuparadzanisa coefficient uye pfupi yekuchengeta nguva.
Basic theory yechromatography
1. Tray theory
(1) Isa mberi -- thermodynamic theory
Yakatanga neshongwe yeplate modhi yakakurudzirwa naMartin naSynge.
Fractionating column: mutireyi kwekakati wandei yegasi-mvura yakaenzana, zvichienderana nenzvimbo yekubikira yekuparadzaniswa kwakasiyana.
Column: Izvo zvikamu zvakaenzanirana nezvikamu zvakawanda pakati pezvikamu zviviri uye zvakaparadzaniswa zvichienderana neakasiyana ekuparadzanisa coefficients.
(2) Kufungidzira
(1) Kune akawanda matireyi mukoramu, uye zvikamu zvinogona kukurumidza kusvika pakuenzana kwekugovera mukati menguva yetireyi (kureva, kureba kwetireyi).
(2) Nharembozha inopinda mukoramu, kwete kuenderera asi kupuruzira, kureva kuti, ndima yega yega ivhoriyamu yekoramu.
(3) Apo muenzaniso wakawedzerwa kune imwe neimwe yekoroni ndiro, kupararira kwemuenzaniso pamwe chete nekoramu axis kunogona kuregererwa.
(4) Chikamu chekuparadzanisa chakaenzana pamatireyi ose, akasununguka nehuwandu hwezvikamu.Izvi zvinoreva kuti, chikamu chechikamu chinogara chiripo pane imwe neimwe taban.
(3) Nheyo
Schematic diagram yetireyi theory
Kana chikamu cheunit mass, iyo m = 1 (somuenzaniso, 1mg kana 1μg), inowedzerwa kuNo. 0 tray, uye mushure mekugovera kuenzana, nokuti k = 1, iyo ns = nm, nm = ns = 0.5.
Kana vhoriyamu yeplate (lΔV) yegasi inotakura inopinda muplate 0 nenzira yekuputika, gasi rinotakura rine nm chikamu muchikamu chegasi rinosundirwa kuplate 1. Panguva ino, chikamu che ns muchikamu chemvura yeplate 0. uye nm chikamu mugasi chikamu cheplate 1 chichagoverwa zvakare pakati pezvikamu zviviri.Naizvozvo, huwandu hwese hwezvikamu zviri mundiro 0 ndeye 0.5, umo magasi uye nhanho yemvura ndeye 0.25, uye iyo yakazara mari iri mundiro 1 zvakare 0.5.Iyo gasi uye nhanho dzemvura dzaive zvakare 0.25.
Iyi nzira inodzokororwa pese pese pese pese vhoriyamu yendiro inotakura gasi inodonhedzwa mukoramu (ona tafura pazasi).
(4) Chromatographic outflow curve equation
σ ndiyo yakajairwa kutsauka, inguva yekuchengeta, C ndiyo yekumisikidza chero nguva,
C, ndiko kuiswa kwejekiseni, ndiko kuti, huwandu hwese hwezvikamu (nzvimbo yepamusoro A).
(5) mbiru kunyatsoshanda parameters
Pane tR inogara iripo, iyo diki W kana w 1/2 (kureva, iyo yakamanikana peak), iyo yakakura nhamba yetioretical mahwendefa n, iyo diki yetioretical plate urefu, uye yakakwirira yekuparadzanisa kugona kwekoromo.Ndizvo zvimwe chete neiyo inoshanda dzidziso tireyi neff.Naizvozvo, iyo theoretical nhamba yetireyi indekisi yekuongorora kugona kwemakoramu.
(5)Unhu uye zvikanganiso
> Zvakanakira
The tray theory is semi-empirical uye inotsanangura chimiro cheoutflow curve
Iyo yekuparadzanisa uye yekuparadzanisa maitiro ezvikamu zvinoratidzwa
Indekisi yekuongorora kushanda kwekoramu inokurudzirwa
> Kuganhurirwa
Izvo zvikamu hazvigone kusvika pachiyero chekugovera muzvikamu zviviri:
Longitudinal diffusion yezvikamu mukoramu haigone kufuratirwa:
Pesvedzero yeakasiyana kinetic zvinhu pahuwandu hwekutamisa maitiro haina kutariswa.
Hukama huri pakati pekoramu mhedzisiro uye kuyerera velocity ye mobile phase haigone kutsanangurwa:
Hazvisi pachena kuti ndezvipi zvakakosha zvinokanganisa mhedzisiro yekolamu
Matambudziko aya anogadziriswa zvinogutsa muchiyero chedzidziso.
2. Rate dzidziso
Muna 1956, nyanzvi yechiDutch VanDeemter et al.yakatora pfungwa yetiriyasi dzidziso, uye yakabatanidza iyo kinetic zvinhu zvinokanganisa kureba kwetireyi, akaisa pamberi kinetic theory yechromatographic process - rate theory, uye yakatorwa VanDeemter equation.Inotarisa chromatographic process seyakasimba isiri-equilibrium maitiro uye inodzidza pesvedzero yekinetic zvinhu pakukwirira kwepamusoro (kureva, makoramu maitiro).
Gare gare, Giddings naSnyder et al.yakaronga iyo liquid chromatography rate equation (inoti Giddings equation) zvichibva paVanDeemter equation (yakazonzi gasi chromatography rate equation) uye zvinoenderana nemusiyano wepfuma pakati pemvura negasi.
(1) Van Deemter equation
Ikoko: H: ndiko kureba kwebhodhi
A: coefficient ye eddy diffusion term
B: coefficient of molecular diffusion term
C: coefficient of the mass transfer resistance term
(2) Giddings equation
Quantitative uye qualitative analysis
(1) Kuongorora kwehutano
Qualitative chromatographic analysis ndeyekuona makomisheni anomiririrwa neimwe chromatographic peak.Sezvo zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvine hunhu hwekuchengeta pasi pemamwe mamiriro echromatographic, kukosha kwekuchengeta kunogona kushandiswa semhando indekisi.Dzakasiyana siyana chromatographic qualitative nzira dziri pari zvino dzakavakirwa pakuchengetedza kukosha.
Nekudaro, zvinhu zvakasiyana zvinogona kunge zvakafanana kana zvakafanana kuchengetedza hunhu pasi pemamiriro akafanana echromatographic, kureva kuti, kukosha kwekuchengeta hakuna chete.Nokudaro zvakaoma kuratidza muenzaniso usingazivikanwi zvachose zvichienderana nekuchengetedza maitiro chete.Kana pahwaro hwekunzwisisa kunobva, chimiro uye chinangwa chemuenzaniso, mutongo wekutanga wekuumbwa kwemuenzaniso unogona kuitwa, uye nzira dzinotevera dzinogona kushandiswa kuona komisheni inomiririrwa neiyo chromatographic peak.
1. Kudzora kwehunhu uchishandisa zvinhu zvakachena
Pasi pemamwe mamiriro echromatographic, isingazivikanwe inongove yakatsanangurwa nguva yekuchengetedza.Naizvozvo, izvo zvisingazivikanwe zvinogona kuzivikanwa zvine mutsindo nekuenzanisa nguva yekuchengeta yechinhu chinozivikanwa chakachena pasi pemamiriro akafanana echromatographic pamwe nenguva yekuchengeta yechinhu chisingazivikanwe.Kana izvo zviviri zvakafanana, chinhu chisingazivikanwe chinogona kunge chiri chinhu chinozivikanwa chakachena;Zvikasadaro, izvo zvisingazivikanwi hazvisi izvo zvakachena.
Iyo nzira yakachena yekudzora zvinhu inongoshanda kune chinhu chisingazivikanwe icho chimiro chayo chave chichizivikanwa, icho chimiro chiri nyore, uye icho chakachena chinhu chinozivikanwa.
2. Nzira yekuchengetedza kukosha kwehukama
Iko kukosha kwekuchengetedza kukosha α, inoreva kugadziridzwa pakati pechikamu i uye zvinyorwa zvereferensi Ratio yekuchengeta kukosha:
Inongochinja chete nekuchinja kwekugadzirisa uye kupisa kwekoramu, uye haina chekuita nemamwe mamiriro ekushanda.
Pane imwe nhanho yakamira uye tembiricha yekoramu, iyo yakagadziridzwa kuchengetedza kukosha kwechikamu i uye referenzi chinhu s inoyerwa zvichiteerana, uye yozoverengerwa zvinoenderana neformula iri pamusoro.Izvo zvakawanikwa zvine hukama kuchengetedza hutsika hunogona kuenzaniswa nehunhu hunoenderana nehunhu mumabhuku.
3, kuwedzera zvinozivikanwa zvinhu kuwedzera peak kureba nzira
Kana paine zvinhu zvakawanda mumuenzaniso usingazivikanwe, iwo anowanikwa chromatographic peaks akaomesesa kuti aonekwe zviri nyore neiyo nzira iri pamusoro, kana iyo isingazivikanwe sampuli inongoshandiswa payakatsanangurwa chinhu chekuongorora.
"Chekutanga chromatogram yesampuli isingazivikanwe inogadzirwa, uyezve imwe chromatogram inowanikwa nekuwedzera chinhu chinozivikanwa kune isingazivikanwe sampuli."Zvikamu zvine kukwirira kwepamusoro zvinogona kuzivikanwa nezvinhu zvakadaro.
4. Chengetedza nzira yemhando ye index
Indekisi yekuchengeta inomiririra maitiro ekuchengetedza zvinhu pazvigadziriso uye parizvino ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa uye inozivikanwa pasi rose hunhu index muGC.Iine zvakanakira kubereka zvakanaka, yunifomu mwero uye diki tembiricha coefficient.
Indekisi yekuchengeta inongoenderana nezvimiro zvechikamu chakamira uye tembiricha yekoramu, asi kwete kune mamwe mamiriro ekuyedza.Kurongeka kwayo uye kuberekazve kwakanakisa.Chero bedzi tembiricha yekoramu yakafanana neiyo yechikamu chakamira, kukosha kwemabhuku kunogona kushandiswa kuti zvizivikanwe, uye hazvifanirwe kushandisa iyo yakachena zvinhu kuenzanisa.
(2)Kuongorora kwehuwandu
Nheyo yechromatographic quantification:
Basa rekuongorora kwehuwandu nderekutsvaga zana rezvikamu mumuenzaniso wakasanganiswa
Fractional content.Chromatographic quantification yakavakirwa pane zvinotevera: kana mamiriro ekushanda aienderana, aive
Huremu (kana kuti concentration) yechikamu chakayerwa chinotarwa nechiratidzo chekupindura chinopihwa nedetector
Zvinoenderana.Zvinonzi:
Nheyo yechromatographic quantification:
Basa rekuongorora kwehuwandu nderekutsvaga zana rezvikamu mumuenzaniso wakasanganiswa
Fractional content.Chromatographic quantification yakavakirwa pane zvinotevera: kana mamiriro ekushanda aienderana, aive
Huremu (kana kuti concentration) yechikamu chakayerwa chinotarwa nechiratidzo chekupindura chinopihwa nedetector
Zvinoenderana.Zvinonzi:
1. Peak nzvimbo yekuyera nzira
Peak nzvimbo ndiyo yakakosha dhata inopihwa nemachromatogram, uye iko kurongeka kweyero yenzvimbo yepamusoro kunokanganisa zvakananga mhedzisiro yehuwandu.Nzira dzekuyera dzakasiyana dzakashandiswa pachromatographic peaks ane akasiyana peak maumbirwo.
Zvakaoma kuwana kukosha chaiko kwechando mukuongororwa kwehuwandu:
Kune rimwe divi nekuda kwekuomerwa kwekuyera chaiko jekiseni vhoriyamu: kune rumwe rutivi.
Iyo nzvimbo yepamusoro inotsamira pane chromatographic mamiriro, uye chromatographic strip inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa kana kukosha kwakayerwa.
Hazvibviri uye hazvibviri kuita chinhu chimwe chete.Uye kunyangwe iwe uchigona kuzvibata
Iko kukosha chaiko, zvakare nekuti hapana chiyero chakabatana uye haigone kuiswa zvakananga.
2.Quantitative correction factor
Tsanangudzo yehuwandu hwekugadzirisa chinhu: huwandu hwezvikamu zvinopinda mu detector (m)
Chiyero cheiyo chromatographic peak nzvimbo (A) kana peak kureba () inoenderana inogara (,
Iyo proportionality constant inonzi absolute correction factor for the component.
Zvakaoma kuwana kukosha chaiko kwechando mukuongororwa kwehuwandu:
Kune rimwe divi nekuda kwekuomerwa kwekuyera chaiko jekiseni vhoriyamu: kune rumwe rutivi.
Iyo nzvimbo yepamusoro inotsamira pane chromatographic mamiriro, uye chromatographic strip inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa kana kukosha kwakayerwa.
Hazvibviri uye hazvibviri kuita chinhu chimwe chete.Uye kunyangwe iwe uchigona kuzvibata
Iko kukosha chaiko, zvakare nekuti hapana chiyero chakabatana uye haigone kuiswa zvakananga.
Ndiko kuti, hukama hwekugadzirisa chinhu 'chechikamu ndicho chikamu uye chinongedzo chezvinyorwa s
Chiyero chezvakakwana zvekugadzirisa zvinhu.
Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti hukama hwekugadzirisa chinhu ndipo apo kunaka kwechikamu kunopesana nechiyero.
Kana chinhu s chakaenzana, nzvimbo yepamusoro yechinhu chinonongedza ndiyo nzvimbo yepamusoro yechikamu
Multiple.Kana chimwe chikamu chiine mass m uye peak nzvimbo A, ipapo nhamba yef'A
Value dzakaenzana nenzvimbo yepamusoro yereferensi ine huremu hwe.Nemamwe mashoko,
Kuburikidza nehukama hwekugadzirisa chinhu, nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzechikamu chimwe nechimwe dzinogona kuparadzaniswa
Yakashandurwa kuva nzvimbo yepamusoro yereferensi yezvinhu yakaenzana nehukuru hwayo, ipapo reshiyo
Chiyero chakabatana.Saka iyi ndiyo nzira yakajairwa yekuona chikamu chechikamu chimwe nechimwe
Hwaro hwehuwandu.
Nzira yekuwana hukama hwekugadzirisa chinhu: hukama hwekugadzirisa zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaenzaniswa nekuve
Chiyero chacho chine hukama nechiyero uye rudzi rwe detector, asi kune tambo yekushanda
Hazvina basa.Naizvozvo, hunhu hunogona kutorwa kubva muzvinyorwa muzvinyorwa.Kana chinyorwa
Kana iwe usingakwanise kuwana kukosha kwaunoda muchipo, iwe unogona zvakare kuzvisarudzira wega.Nzira yekutsunga
Nzira: Humwe huwandu hwechinhu chakayerwa gumi chakasarudzwa chinonongedza zvinhu → chakaitwa mune imwe pfungwa
Iyo chromatographic peak nzvimbo A uye As yezvikamu zviviri zvakayerwa.
Ndiyo nzira yacho.
3. Quantitative calculation method
(1) Area normalization nzira
Huwandu hwezviri mukati mezvikamu zvese zvisina peak-free zvakaverengerwa se100% yehuwandu.
Nzira yacho inonzi normalization.Yayo calculation formula ndeiyi inotevera:
Iko P,% ndiyo chikamu chemukati chezvikamu zvakaedzwa;A1, A2... A n chikamu 1.Nzvimbo yepamusoro ye1~n;f'1, f'2... f'n ndiyo inogadzirisa zvinhu zvezvikamu 1 kusvika n.
(2) kunze mwero nzira
Nzira yekuenzanisa kwehuwandu pakati pechiratidzo chekupindura chechikamu chinofanira kuongororwa mumuenzaniso uye chikamu chakachena kuti chiedzwe sekutonga.
(3) Internal mwero nzira
Iyo inonzi yemukati chiyero nzira inzira iyo imwe chiyero chechinhu chakachena chinowedzerwa kune yakajairwa mhinduro yechinhu chakaedzwa uye mhinduro yemuenzaniso seyemukati chiyero, uye yozoongororwa uye yakatemwa.
(3) chiyero chekuwedzera nzira
Iyo yakajairwa nzira yekuwedzera, inozivikanwawo seyomukati yekuwedzera nzira, ndeyekuwedzera imwe huwandu hwe (△C)
Chirevo chechinhu chebvunzo chakawedzerwa kune mhinduro yemuenzaniso kuti iedzwe, uye bvunzo yakawedzerwa kune iyo assay
Nhamba yepamusoro yemhinduro yemuenzaniso mushure mekunge chinhu chacho chakakwirira kudarika chemhinduro yekutanga yemuenzaniso
Kuwedzera kwenzvimbo (△A) kwakashandiswa kuverenga kusanganisirwa kwechinhu mumhinduro yemuenzaniso
Zvemukati (Cx)
Apo Ax ndiyo nzvimbo yepamusoro pechinhu chinoyerwa mumuenzaniso wekutanga.
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-27-2023